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Dr. Dre: 'The Chronic' 20 Years Later

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Hip-Hop legend Dr. Dre released the seminal LP ‘The Chronic’ twenty years ago. (Google Images)

By the early 1990s, hip hop was on a roll with heavy MTV rotation, modest Billboard chart success, prime time sitcoms, product placement ads and of course BET‘s commitment to the genre. A  largely East Coast invention, Hip-Hop had made its way across the country, with groups charting from the ATL, Texas, Chicago, Louisiana and the West Coast. Dr. Dre’s seminal LP ‘The Chronic’ would literally transform the Hip-Hop landscape, making West Coast rap a force to be reckoned with in Hip-Hop culture.

Twenty years ago on December 15, Dr. Dre released his epic “solo” debut, The Chronic. Not even he could understand what influence he would have on pop culture going forward. In the mid-1980s, he was instrumental in the glitter-laden electro funk collective World Class Wreckin’ Cru. He would evolve with the groundbreaking supergroup, N.W.A., and take direct hits from various authorities including the F.B.I. N.W.A.’s grotesque, first person narratives detailed the harsh realities of Compton’s inner city culture. The group became one of the most influential of its time and helped initiate the so-called “gangsta rap” subgenre.

Over a span of 16 aromatic, well-produced tracks and sketches, The Chronic reaffirmed and slightly toned down Dr. Dre’s musical identity. The then newly developed Death Row Records’ breakthrough LP took melodic, cosmic ‘70s funk primarily from Parliament-Funkadelic’s discography and married them with a few whirring synth riffs, heavier bass lifts, Blaxploitation film dialogue snippets and an ebb of lewd (offensive to some) stanzas to create “G-funk.”

The Chronic’s music and lyrical imagery were so vivid that Dr. Dre took the listener to the West Coast without even actually visiting. The Chronic’s simple yet memorable cover art mocked Zig Zag rolling papers packaging. An added bonus to the album was a then unknown Long Beach native with an amazing laid back flow and one-of-a-kind vocal named Snoop (Doggy) Dogg. Now two of most iconic, recognizable and adored talents in American music, The Chronic was Dr. Dre and Snoop Dog’s (reborn Snoop Lion) foundation.

One listen created a sprawling intoxication that could very well rival the high grade marijuana the album title was named after, although ironically Dr. Dre was not a weed smoker at the time of the LP’s release.

At its best, The Chronic is the soundtrack and morale boost to an American culture feeling the hopelessness and despair from the headlining Rodney King beating and the resulting rioting. Infectious grooves — “Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang,” “Let Me Ride” and “F*** Wit Dre Day” – became bonafide classics that raised the bar for rappers’ abilities to make credible hip-hop singles that could climb and take over the pop charts. Dr. Dre made it no secret (satirizing via music video) that his former N.W.A cohort Eazy-E along with the group’s manager Jerry Heller were on his bad side. Supporting parodies and insultsdirected at Miami bass artist Luther “Luke” Campbell and Bronx rapper Tim Dog were also prevalent on the LP.

At times, The Chronic discussed menacing in recording studios, spoke of gunplay, misogyny, sex, homophobia, hypermasculinity, overindulgence in marijuana and 40 oz. bottles of malt liquor through the songs including “A Nigga Witta Gun,” “Rat-Tat-Tat-Tat,” “Lyrical Gangbang,” “High Powered,” “The Roach,” “Deeez Nuuuts,” “The Day The Niggaz Took Over” and “Stranded on Death Row.” The album’s spirit reminds listeners of what it means to have a good time in the midst of the uncertainty and danger of life in the hood.

To date, The Chronic has sold eight million copies worldwide. In decades since, Dr. Dre has become an esteemed Grammy Award-winning entrepreneurial force in music and technology. Though Aftermath Entertainment, home to Eminem, 50 Cent and Kendrick Lamar, and Beats Electronics continue to make Dr. Dre a household name, nothing will replace The Chronic’s legacy. It is the album that sparked “gangsta rap’s” pop accessibility and coolness to the masses without any compromise.

Christopher A. Daniel is a pop cultural critic and music editor for The Burton Wire. He is also a contributing writer for Urban Lux Magazine and Blues & Soul Magazine. Follow Christopher @Journalistorian on Twitter.

Like The Burton Wire on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter @TheBurtonWire.

Dr. Dre: ‘The Chronic’ 20 Years Later

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Hip-Hop legend Dr. Dre released the seminal LP ‘The Chronic’ twenty years ago. (Google Images)

By the early 1990s, hip hop was on a roll with heavy MTV rotation, modest Billboard chart success, prime time sitcoms, product placement ads and of course BET‘s commitment to the genre. A  largely East Coast invention, Hip-Hop had made its way across the country, with groups charting from the ATL, Texas, Chicago, Louisiana and the West Coast. Dr. Dre’s seminal LP ‘The Chronic’ would literally transform the Hip-Hop landscape, making West Coast rap a force to be reckoned with in Hip-Hop culture.

Twenty years ago on December 15, Dr. Dre released his epic “solo” debut, The Chronic. Not even he could understand what influence he would have on pop culture going forward. In the mid-1980s, he was instrumental in the glitter-laden electro funk collective World Class Wreckin’ Cru. He would evolve with the groundbreaking supergroup, N.W.A., and take direct hits from various authorities including the F.B.I. N.W.A.’s grotesque, first person narratives detailed the harsh realities of Compton’s inner city culture. The group became one of the most influential of its time and helped initiate the so-called “gangsta rap” subgenre.

Over a span of 16 aromatic, well-produced tracks and sketches, The Chronic reaffirmed and slightly toned down Dr. Dre’s musical identity. The then newly developed Death Row Records’ breakthrough LP took melodic, cosmic ‘70s funk primarily from Parliament-Funkadelic’s discography and married them with a few whirring synth riffs, heavier bass lifts, Blaxploitation film dialogue snippets and an ebb of lewd (offensive to some) stanzas to create “G-funk.”

The Chronic’s music and lyrical imagery were so vivid that Dr. Dre took the listener to the West Coast without even actually visiting. The Chronic’s simple yet memorable cover art mocked Zig Zag rolling papers packaging. An added bonus to the album was a then unknown Long Beach native with an amazing laid back flow and one-of-a-kind vocal named Snoop (Doggy) Dogg. Now two of most iconic, recognizable and adored talents in American music, The Chronic was Dr. Dre and Snoop Dog’s (reborn Snoop Lion) foundation.

One listen created a sprawling intoxication that could very well rival the high grade marijuana the album title was named after, although ironically Dr. Dre was not a weed smoker at the time of the LP’s release.

At its best, The Chronic is the soundtrack and morale boost to an American culture feeling the hopelessness and despair from the headlining Rodney King beating and the resulting rioting. Infectious grooves — “Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang,” “Let Me Ride” and “F*** Wit Dre Day” – became bonafide classics that raised the bar for rappers’ abilities to make credible hip-hop singles that could climb and take over the pop charts. Dr. Dre made it no secret (satirizing via music video) that his former N.W.A cohort Eazy-E along with the group’s manager Jerry Heller were on his bad side. Supporting parodies and insultsdirected at Miami bass artist Luther “Luke” Campbell and Bronx rapper Tim Dog were also prevalent on the LP.

At times, The Chronic discussed menacing in recording studios, spoke of gunplay, misogyny, sex, homophobia, hypermasculinity, overindulgence in marijuana and 40 oz. bottles of malt liquor through the songs including “A Nigga Witta Gun,” “Rat-Tat-Tat-Tat,” “Lyrical Gangbang,” “High Powered,” “The Roach,” “Deeez Nuuuts,” “The Day The Niggaz Took Over” and “Stranded on Death Row.” The album’s spirit reminds listeners of what it means to have a good time in the midst of the uncertainty and danger of life in the hood.

To date, The Chronic has sold eight million copies worldwide. In decades since, Dr. Dre has become an esteemed Grammy Award-winning entrepreneurial force in music and technology. Though Aftermath Entertainment, home to Eminem, 50 Cent and Kendrick Lamar, and Beats Electronics continue to make Dr. Dre a household name, nothing will replace The Chronic’s legacy. It is the album that sparked “gangsta rap’s” pop accessibility and coolness to the masses without any compromise.

Christopher A. Daniel is a pop cultural critic and music editor for The Burton Wire. He is also a contributing writer for Urban Lux Magazine and Blues & Soul Magazine. Follow Christopher @Journalistorian on Twitter.

Like The Burton Wire on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter @TheBurtonWire.

South Africa: Nelson Mandela Hospitalized

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Former South African President and anti-Apartheid activist Nelson Mandela, 94, has been hospitalized. (Google Images)

Reuters is reporting that former South African president Nelson Mandela was admitted to the hospital over the weekend for medical tests. The government maintains that Mandela, 94, was admitted to undergo tests and there is no cause for alarm.

Current South African President Jacob Zuma’s office released the following statement:

“Former President Mandela will receive medical attention from time to time which is consistent with his age,” the statement said.

“President Zuma assures all that Madiba is doing well and there is no cause for alarm,” it added, referring to Mandela by his clan name.

Mr. Mandela has been in and out of the hospital over the past couple of years, most recently in February while suffering from abdominal pain. He has since spent most of his time in his ancestral home in Qunu, a village in the impoverished Eastern Cape province.

Read more at NBC News.

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Egyptian Army Provides Security Ahead of Referendum Vote

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Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi has issued an edict allowing the army to take over security ahead of the vote on a constitutional referendum. (AFP)

Boston.com is reporting that the Egyptian military has assumed responsibility for security and protecting state institutions in the country until the results of a Dec. 15 constitutional referendum. Members of the army will also have the right to arrest citizens while maintaining security during the process.

Al Jazeera is reporting:

This is a simple up-or-down referendum: If a majority of voters approve of the constitution, it will go into effect.

If the constitution is rejected, then – pursuant to another decree issued by Morsi, this one on December 8 – a new assembly will be elected, by popular vote, within three months. It will have six months to draw up a new constitution, which will then face another public vote.

The edict goes into effect on the eve of mass rallies called by the opposition and President Morsi’s supporters.

Read more at Al Jazeera or Boston.com

Ghana: John Mahama Wins Presidential Election

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Incumbent President John Mahama has won the 2012 presidential election in Ghana. (Google Images)

The Guardian Nigeria is reporting that incumbent John Mahama has won Ghana’s presidential election. The electoral commission reported that Mahama won 50.7% against opposition leader Nana Akufo-Addo on 47.74%. However, the opposition NPP says it will contest the result, accusing the governing NDC party of conspiring with commission staff to fix Friday’s poll.

Laura Burke and Francis Kokutse of the Associated Press report:

Opposition leader Nana Akufo-Addo, who lost the 2008 election by less than 1 percent, came in second with 5.2 million votes, or 47.7 percent, Afari-Gyan said. Voter turnout was high, with around 80 percent of the roughly 14 million registered voters casting ballots in Friday’s presidential and parliamentary elections. In a draft statement seen by reporters, the opposition said it would contest the results.

“This situation, if allowed to go unchallenged and uncorrected, would seriously damage the essence of the electoral process and the substance of democracy in Ghana,” the New Patriotic Party said in a draft statement that was emailed to reporters.

The opposition has accused Mahama of rigging the polls because of problems with fingerprinting devices that forced the elections to be extended by a second day.

The election was declared free and fair by observers of the regional body, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas).

Police in the capital Accra fired tear gas to disperse opposition protesters from outside the commission’s offices on Sunday evening. Tanks guarded the electoral commission and roads around the offices were barricaded by police as the results were announced.

Read more at The Guardian Nigeria.

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What if Jordan Davis' Killer Were Black?

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Unarmed teenager Jordan Davis, 17, was shot and killed by Mike Dunn, 45 who is invoking Florida’s controversial “stand your ground” in his defense. (Google Images)

Writing for The Root, Nsenga K. Burton, Ph.D., The Burton Wire’s Editor-in-Chief wonders why there is a national outcry when an unarmed black teen is killed by a non-black person, but there is little fanfare in many cases when the perpetrator is black. UPDATE (7/16/13): Here is the article in its entirety:

The recent killing of 17-year-old Jordan Davis has black folks and social-justice activists up in arms over yet another senseless death of an unarmed black boy at the hands of an armed white man in Florida. I’m still trying to figure out how an argument over the volume of music escalated to the use of deadly force against unarmed teenagers.

I’m also perplexed as to why the shooter, 45-year-old Michael Dunn, allegedly fled the scene if he felt that the shooting was justified and he was “covered” by Florida’s controversial “stand your ground” law. If he hadn’t done anything wrong or excessive, then why leave the scene, particularly when there were eyewitnesses?

What I find most perplexing is the national outcry by black folks when a black boy is gunned down by a nonblack person, but there’s a “business as usual” attitude (from some media organizations and political leaders) when black boys and girls are gunned down by other blacks in communities of color throughout the country.

One has only to look at what is happening in inner-city Chicago. Six people were killed on Aug. 18, tying the record for killings in a single day in Chicago set on Feb. 19. Four of the victims were teenagers. The record-setting killings were dwarfed by the number of people wounded during that weekend: 36, to be exact.

To add insult to injury, five people were wounded the following Monday night in a south side shooting, including two teenage girls who were grazed while sitting on a porch. Blood has been running through the streets of Chicago for far too long, yet there is very little being said or done on a national level about what’s happening there.

What about Detroit? In February a 9-month-old died after being hit by bullets from an AK-47 after his house was “sprayed,” allegedly because of a dispute over seating at a baby shower, and a 6-year-old was killed in what appears to have been a carjacking by a pair of 15-year-olds wielding AK-47s — this after a 12-year-old girl was killed in January after getting caught in the crossfire of a man and a woman engaged in an argument that turned violent. Where was the huge national outcry about these killings?

Record numbers of murders are not found just in Midwestern cities. One only has to look at Camden, N.J.; Stockton, Calif.; Oakland, Calif; Memphis, Tenn.; St. Louis, Mo.; Birmingham, Ala.; and Baltimore to find murder rates that are out of control. Statistically speaking, most crimes are committed by people who look like their victims, because crimes occur in neighborhoods that are largely segregated racially and economically.

I find it maddening that the same outrage and disgust expressed when an unarmed black teen is killed by a nonblack adult is not reflected on a national level, when incidents of gun violence, murder and mayhem — many involving teenagers — are happening on a regular basis in communities of color throughout this country.

Why does it seem less acceptable when someone from outside the community kills a black teenager than when someone from inside the community does the killing? The level of anger and desire for justice for the victim and punishment for the perpetrator should not be driven by the color of the alleged assailant’s skin. If black folks do not appear to value the lives of our children every day in our communities, then why do we think that people outside the community would value those same lives?

Unlike in Trayvon Martin’s case, Davis’ killing had several eyewitnesses who are helping the police build a case against Dunn. In some of our communities, if there are eyewitnesses to violent crimes, we often discourage them from working with the police to apprehend the suspects. Instead, they are often labeled “snitches” if they actually report the crime and offer testimony.

We still don’t know who killed Tupac, Biggie or Jam Master Jay, and there were eyewitnesses to all three of those high-profile murders. What difference does it make if you are considered a pioneer, genius or game changer in the American mainstream and in black popular culture if your life isn’t valued enough for someone to reveal, “Who Shot Ya?”

I understand that there are many cultural reasons for this phenomenon of silence (fear of retaliation, police occupation instead of protection, economic inability to leave the community where the perpetrator might also reside). However, at what point do we stop leaning on these factors and start standing up for the black bodies — many of them teenagers’ — that are lining the streets of our communities?

What happened to Jordan Davis is awful, and we should all be calling for justice at the tops of our lungs. That demand should be just as loud when the alleged killer of one of our children looks like us, because if we don’t value our own, then who will?

Nsenga K. Burton is editor-at-large for The Root and founder & editor-in-chief of The Burton Wire.

Like The Burton Wire on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter @TheBurtonWire.

What if Jordan Davis’ Killer Were Black?

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Unarmed teenager Jordan Davis, 17, was shot and killed by Mike Dunn, 45 who is invoking Florida’s controversial “stand your ground” in his defense. (Google Images)

Writing for The Root, Nsenga K. Burton, Ph.D., The Burton Wire’s Editor-in-Chief wonders why there is a national outcry when an unarmed black teen is killed by a non-black person, but there is little fanfare in many cases when the perpetrator is black. UPDATE (7/16/13): Here is the article in its entirety:

The recent killing of 17-year-old Jordan Davis has black folks and social-justice activists up in arms over yet another senseless death of an unarmed black boy at the hands of an armed white man in Florida. I’m still trying to figure out how an argument over the volume of music escalated to the use of deadly force against unarmed teenagers.

I’m also perplexed as to why the shooter, 45-year-old Michael Dunn, allegedly fled the scene if he felt that the shooting was justified and he was “covered” by Florida’s controversial “stand your ground” law. If he hadn’t done anything wrong or excessive, then why leave the scene, particularly when there were eyewitnesses?

What I find most perplexing is the national outcry by black folks when a black boy is gunned down by a nonblack person, but there’s a “business as usual” attitude (from some media organizations and political leaders) when black boys and girls are gunned down by other blacks in communities of color throughout the country.

One has only to look at what is happening in inner-city Chicago. Six people were killed on Aug. 18, tying the record for killings in a single day in Chicago set on Feb. 19. Four of the victims were teenagers. The record-setting killings were dwarfed by the number of people wounded during that weekend: 36, to be exact.

To add insult to injury, five people were wounded the following Monday night in a south side shooting, including two teenage girls who were grazed while sitting on a porch. Blood has been running through the streets of Chicago for far too long, yet there is very little being said or done on a national level about what’s happening there.

What about Detroit? In February a 9-month-old died after being hit by bullets from an AK-47 after his house was “sprayed,” allegedly because of a dispute over seating at a baby shower, and a 6-year-old was killed in what appears to have been a carjacking by a pair of 15-year-olds wielding AK-47s — this after a 12-year-old girl was killed in January after getting caught in the crossfire of a man and a woman engaged in an argument that turned violent. Where was the huge national outcry about these killings?

Record numbers of murders are not found just in Midwestern cities. One only has to look at Camden, N.J.; Stockton, Calif.; Oakland, Calif; Memphis, Tenn.; St. Louis, Mo.; Birmingham, Ala.; and Baltimore to find murder rates that are out of control. Statistically speaking, most crimes are committed by people who look like their victims, because crimes occur in neighborhoods that are largely segregated racially and economically.

I find it maddening that the same outrage and disgust expressed when an unarmed black teen is killed by a nonblack adult is not reflected on a national level, when incidents of gun violence, murder and mayhem — many involving teenagers — are happening on a regular basis in communities of color throughout this country.

Why does it seem less acceptable when someone from outside the community kills a black teenager than when someone from inside the community does the killing? The level of anger and desire for justice for the victim and punishment for the perpetrator should not be driven by the color of the alleged assailant’s skin. If black folks do not appear to value the lives of our children every day in our communities, then why do we think that people outside the community would value those same lives?

Unlike in Trayvon Martin’s case, Davis’ killing had several eyewitnesses who are helping the police build a case against Dunn. In some of our communities, if there are eyewitnesses to violent crimes, we often discourage them from working with the police to apprehend the suspects. Instead, they are often labeled “snitches” if they actually report the crime and offer testimony.

We still don’t know who killed Tupac, Biggie or Jam Master Jay, and there were eyewitnesses to all three of those high-profile murders. What difference does it make if you are considered a pioneer, genius or game changer in the American mainstream and in black popular culture if your life isn’t valued enough for someone to reveal, “Who Shot Ya?”

I understand that there are many cultural reasons for this phenomenon of silence (fear of retaliation, police occupation instead of protection, economic inability to leave the community where the perpetrator might also reside). However, at what point do we stop leaning on these factors and start standing up for the black bodies — many of them teenagers’ — that are lining the streets of our communities?

What happened to Jordan Davis is awful, and we should all be calling for justice at the tops of our lungs. That demand should be just as loud when the alleged killer of one of our children looks like us, because if we don’t value our own, then who will?

Nsenga K. Burton is editor-at-large for The Root and founder & editor-in-chief of The Burton Wire.

Like The Burton Wire on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter @TheBurtonWire.

Ethiopia PM Desalegn Willing to Talk to Eritrea President

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In an exclusive interview, Al Jazeera is reporting that Ethiopia’s prime minister Hailemariam Desalegn, has said that he is willing to hold talks with neighboring Eritrea, with whom Addis Ababa fought a border war that ended in 2000. If the meeting takes place, it will be the first time a leader in Addis Ababa has held talks with Issaias Afeworki, the Eritrean president, since the end of the conflict which left at least 70,000 people dead. The two countries remain at odds over the flashpoint town of Badme, awarded to Eritrea by a UN-backed boundary commission, but still controlled by Ethiopia.

Read more at Al Jazeera.

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Nigeria: Veteran Nollywood Actor Elebuwa Dies

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Veteran Nollywood actor Enebeli Elebuwa, has died at the age of 65. (Google Images)


AllAfrica.com
is reporting that veteran Nollywood actor Enebeli Elebuwa has died. Elebuwa, had been battling the effects of a stroke.  He had battled diabetes in recent years and suffered a stroke last year. He had received treatment in Nigeria before being moved to a hospital in India where he died on Tuesday. Elebuwa will be remembered for his role as Andrew in a campaign by the Federal Government in the 1980s to discourage Nigerians from fleeing the country. Elebuwa is one of many celebrated Nigerian actors that have recently passed away including Pete Eneh, Sam Loco Efe, actress Geraldine Ekeocha and veteran actors Ashley Nowosu, Yoruba actor Hammed ‘Dento’ Odunla and Taiwo Bello. Elebuwa was 65.

Read more at AllAfrica or Naijagists.com.

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Libya: Revolution Turns Against Women Activists

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Magdulien Abaida, 25, who worked with rebels to bring down Col. Muammar Qaddafi, has fled Libya because of the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalists. (Google Images)

BBC Africa is reporting that some women have been fleeing Libya post-revolution because of the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalists. Tim Whewell’s article highlights the plight of Magdulien Abaida, 25, who was involved in organizing aid for the rebels fighting against Col. Muammar Qaddafi last year. After the fall of Tripoli which happened in August of 2011, Abaida traveled to Tripoli to lobby for women’s rights and equality to be included in the new constitution, which still has not been written. Since the revolution, which is part of the historic ‘Arab Spring,’ uprisings that took place throughout North Africa, things have changed drastically and not necessarily for the better as it relates to women. Whewell writes:

“Like other activists, she was concerned by what she saw as the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalists.

Some were horrified, for example, when in October 2011 Mustafa Abdul Jalil, the internationally-known face of the revolution and head of the rebels’ National Transitional Council (NTC), used his first public speech after the fall of Qaddafi to propose making it easier for men to have more than one wife.

It was a big shock for us. This is not why we made the revolution – not for men to marry four women,” Ms Abaida says. “We wanted more rights, not to destroy the rights of half of the society.”

This summer on a visit to Libya’s second city, Benghazi, the headquarters of last year’s uprising, Ms Abaida was detained twice by members of a powerful independent militia which formed to fight Qaddafi, but which has since failed to disband.

Some of these militias, including the one which seized Ms Abaida, have a strong Islamist orientation.

The women’s conference which Ms Abaida was attending – financed in part by British aid money – was interrupted by armed men. Later, militia members seized her from her hotel room. She was released, but abducted again the next day and held prisoner in a room at the militia base.”

Abaida was abducted again and pistol whipped with militia men accusing her of being a spy for Israel. She fled to Sunderland on England’s North-East Coast because she believed that if she stayed in Libya, she would be abducted and killed. Amnesty International, which supported Abaida’s application for asylum, believes her case highlights the lawlessness in the new Libya, which is overrun with armed militias.

Contrary to Abaida’s account of the situation facing women in Libya, some Libyan women’s rights campaigners, including London-based activist Sara Maziq, from Women 4 Libya, think women are achieving far more now than they ever did under Gaddafi. Whewell reports:

“There are 33 women in congress, there are now two ministers in the Cabinet,” she says. “In a conservative society like Libya, as far as I’m concerned the overall picture is a miracle.”

Read more at BBC Africa.

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